Advancements and Future Prospects of Electric Vehicle Technologies: A Comprehensive Review

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are one of the major problems that the world is facing nowadays. The transportation sector, where vehicles run on oil, contributes a large amount of GHG. The development of electric vehicles to meet the allowed GHG limits has recently been the main focus of research worldwide. Research in electric vehicles (EVs) has observed a tremendous upsurge in recent years. However, reviews that analyze and present the demand and development of EVs comprehensively are still inadequate, and this integrative review is an effort to fill that gap. This study has revealed many thought-provoking understandings related to specific developments, specifically global demand and growth of EVs along with electricity and battery demand, current technological developments in EVs, energy storage technologies, and charging strategies. It also details the next generation of EVs and their technological advancements, such as wireless power transfer. The development of a smart city concept by EV implementation added a new aspect to this review. The summary would be advantageous to both scholars and policymakers, as there has been a lack of integrative reviews that assessed EVs’ global demand and development simultaneously and collectively. This review concludes the intuitions for investors and policymakers to envisage electric mobility.

Electric vehicle (EV) adoption rates have been growing around the world due to various favorable environments, such as no pollution, dependence on fossil fuel energy, efficiency, and less noise. The current research into EVs is concerned with the means and productivity of expanding transportation, reducing costs, and planning effective charging strategies. Regardless of whether it is a hybrid, a modular crossover, or one of a multitude of functional EVs, people’s interest will increase with falling costs. Moreover, the development of EVs is based on current and future global demand, which is interconnected to electricity and battery demand. Besides that, the productive development of EVs depends on the improvement of global values, EV policies, comprehensive frameworks, related peripherals, and easy-to-use programming. However, the primary energy source of fossil fuel still commands the world’s road transportation, but it is only a matter of time before EVs are adopted; in the next decade, people will begin to rely on electric vehicles.

Although there is virtually no scope for greenhouse gas emissions in EVs, the benefits of transport electrification in mitigating environmental changes become more apparent when the organization of EVs matches the DE (distributed energies) carbonization of the intensity structure. Strategies continue to improve electrical flexibility. The use of EVs usually begins with the formulation of many goals, followed by specifications for receiving and charging vehicles. Electric vehicle approval plans typically include acquisition programs to arouse interest in EVs and stand out from the public charging infrastructure system. On the other hand, the technological development of showcases for EVs has led to the creation of countless charging stations for EVs, with which the electric vehicle network (EV-grid integration) can be connected. Newer charging stations can be divided into private and nonprivate charging stations, which can stimulate medium charging (levels 1 and (2) and fast charging (levels 3 and DC). The high tolls for EVs are private in moderately charged ports. However, future charging stations are to be developed at commercial locations to make them petrol stations for electric cars with extensive charging ports Wireless innovation is at the center of the future versatility of electrical equipment. These progressive developments cover the entire value chain of the project and the whole circular economy: research of managers, production and processing of crude oil, battery design, as well as the production, use, and disposal (sorting, reuse, and reuse) of the battery and the solution to overall savings and maintainability. Most of the current progress of the battery depends on lithium particles, polymers of lithium particles, or nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride. Naumanen et al. and their team reported on the method of solid lithium-ion battery cars in China, the European Union, Japan, and the United States. They summarized the bulk of the use of the national battery improvement system at the point of an electric vehicle. China and the United States are the leading licensors and countries that monitor batteries. However, the developing countries can lean on them to maintain the EV-related development and manufacturing R&D sectors. Despite the advancement of battery-based innovations, the battery testing phase, the construction of measuring instruments, the disposal and reuse of batteries, and the conduct of assessments are significant. There will be a change in the amount of CO₂ emitted from the EV fleet’s well-to-wheel (WTW) greenhouse gas emissions as energy use and electricity generation carbon intensity both decrease. Thus, EVs could lead the decarbonization of the transportation sector towards carbon neutrality.

Besides that, smart cities are looking for new solutions to address some of the urban dilemmas (environmental, social, and financial) caused by the grid network, development, and the operation of underlying conditions (such as vehicles, waste, energy). However, this cooperation is not always recognizable and should be tested for the most considerable advantage. The use of petroleum products in the transport system causes atmospheric pollution due to the formation of particles and unnatural meteorological changes caused by carbon dioxide and primary air pollutant emissions. There are many mineral-filled vehicles in the world that can carry substances that deplete the ozone layer, which is one of the significant challenges facing the world. Consider that the benefit of answering the request is to improve the charge coordination of using low-carbon or low-carbon energy. Another essential aspect of EVs is the charging of batteries. The charging speed of the battery depends on the type of EV and the main battery charge. In most cases, the charger is divided into four levels, from level 1 to level 4. To complete the checkpoint, an accurate assessment of the relevant conditions for the electric vehicle must be made. Coordination between energy and land use and issues related to changes in global temperature and air pollution are fundamental prerequisites for the transportation sector. Therefore, car manufacturers only need to establish more apparent incentives to see increasingly effective results. In this particular case, there has recently been a concentration of vehicles with selective fuel and EVs. The International Energy Agency (IEA) is taking measures to reduce the similar outflow of carbon dioxide (CO_2eq), and many countries have made the introduction of EVs on the market an important goal.

To overcome those difficulties, this study presents an innovative approach to EV development to provide an appropriate guideline for developing and nondeveloping countries. EVs coordinate various types of individual achievements and divide the overall field of EVs into several key areas, which can give increasingly important point-by-point data. Consider the benefit of answering the request: to improve the charge coordination of using low-carbon or low-carbon energy. It is assumed that the strength structure representation of the use of DG (distributed generation) assets will be further enhanced and combined with sustainable energy. The following article summarizes EV status, policies, future demand, and EV-related technology, specifically delving into next-generation EVs and their approaches. Nowadays, smart city development and maintenance are hot topics, and electric vehicles are playing an essential role in renewable energy growth. In this regard, this study went through an impact-related discussion. Lastly, the study summarizes and explores some different methods and their advantages and disadvantages. These discussions will give a general framework for increasing EV growth in the world.

However, it is important to see EV growth in the world. Figure shows a summary of the global EV stock and EV sales market. The market share report shows that 3% of the total newly sold vehicles are EVs. As indicated in the Navigant Research report, this number may exceed 7%, or 6.6 million a year worldwide by 2020. The transportation of EVs has developed rapidly in the last ten years; in 2018, the worldwide transportation volume of EVs was more than 5 million. This is an increase of 63% over the previous year. In 2018, around 45% of EVs were produced in China, where the total number of EVs was 2.3 million, an increase of 39% over the previous year. In any case, 24% of the world’s fleet is in Europe, while the United States has 22%. On the other hand, Norway is still a worldwide pioneer in the production of electric cars. About 49.10% of new electric car transactions in 2018 were almost twice as much as Iceland, an increase of 17.50%, and six times as much as Iceland as Sweden, an increase of 7.20%. Most of the existing EVs have been manufactured in recent years, and more than 300 million vehicles will be manufactured by the end of 2018. Of course, most of them are in China. In contrast, two-wheeler electric vehicle sales are hundreds of times larger than anywhere in the world. Transactions with EVs are also increasing. In 2018, more than 460,000 cars are already on the world’s roads. In addition, 5 million passenger cars and slow EVs were sold in 2018. All low-speed electric vehicles (EVs) are in China. Shared electric foot scooters, often known as “free-floating” scooters, became extremely popular in major cities throughout the world in 2018 and early 2019. These foot scooter conspiracies are currently active in approximately 129 urban areas in the United States; 30 in Europe; 7 in Asia; and 6 in Australia and New Zealand.